Fairness and Integrity in High-Frequency Markets – A Critical Assessment of the European Regulatory Approach

Abstract

Over the past decades, financial markets have been fundamentally transformed by technological advances in combination with regulatory and institutional change. This has produced highly competitive and fragmented financial markets. It is in this market environment that the ultra-fast segment of high-frequency trading (HFT) has materialised. European regulators have addressed the potential adverse market impact of HFT in terms of increased systemic risk (e.g. ‘flash crashes’) and market abuse through provisions in MiFID II and in the MAR. But there is also an additional concern that so far has received less regulatory attention – the question of whether HFT is fair. This article explores whether and how HFT raises fairness-related concerns against the backdrop of the overarching policy goal of maintaining confidence in the financial markets. Finding that HFT does indeed raise such concerns, it then asks whether the newly instituted provisions on algorithmic trading and HFT in MiFID II and MAR do anything to alleviate this problem. The answer is to a certain extent yes. However, significant concerns remain unaddressed by the new regulatory context. The article suggests other provisions in MiFID II that in the author’s view should be assessed with a view to target fairness-related concerns raised by HFT.